Disparities Of The 2014 Reported Burglary And Theft...

This paper analyses the disparities of the 2014 reported burglary and theft statistics between the, Auckland City District (ACD) and WaitematÄ  District (WD). The statistics are reported by the National Police Headquarters as of April 2015 (New Zealand Police, 2015). Therefore, Police reporting practices will be discussed to point out the strengths and weaknesses of the reported data. Secondly, the Routine Activities and Social Disorganisation theories will be used to provide an explanation for the differences in recorded burglary and theft statistics. Lastly possible policy solutions to reduce the amount of crime reported to and recorded by Police will be discussed. As it appears, burglary and theft offences are higher amongst the Auckland City district than the WaitematÄ . These results are consistent with the Routine Activity and Social Disorganisation theories as there are more suitable targets, less collective efficacy and more incapable guardians within the ACD due to struc tural deficiency. The ACD cover the areas within Herne Bay, Freeman’s Bay, St Helier’s, Onehunga and Avondale, including Waiheke and Great Barrier Islands (NZ Police: Police Districts). The WaitematÄ  Police District includes, New Lynn, the North Shore, Devonport up to Mangawhai and also the motorway stretch from Bombay Hills to Orewa (NZ Police: Police Districts). According to NZ Police (2015), an offense is recorded if they believe that an offense has been committed. As of 2014, the recordedShow MoreRelatedMeasuring Crime And Crime Statistics1876 Words   |  8 Pagesexistence and correctly target resources. Crime statistics are therefore central to solving crime in England and Wales. In order for crime to be tackled effectively, it is vital that it is measured accurately. 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According to the U.S Department of Justice’s office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency prevention, it was reported in 2011 that 1 in 13 of juvenile arrests were for murder, and about 1 in 5 arrests were for robbery, burglary, or larceny-theft; totaling in an estimated amountRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System For Fairness2060 Words   |  9 Pagesdefendants. The question being asked is this being done fairly to all minors who deal with the juvenile justice system? Why do some juveniles with identical crimes receive different punishments from the court? How do the courts justify these disparities i n enforcement? While there are many questions that need to be answered this paper will focus on two. What role does race play in the sentencing of juvenile offenders? 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American Law Enforcement And Its Impact On The United States

Since the beginning of police work in America, the system has changed from disorganized chaos into a well structured and rather complex network of communication, response efforts, and detection of lawless behavior. From the creation of the town watch to the transformation of the first police force in the colonies to the lawlessness of the old west and the efforts to revive efficient police work, America has been ever advancing its protection of those who live in the White House, the suburbs, the slums, and even those struggling on the streets. The History of Policing in America is not derived from one origin of time but rather taking the highest qualities of protection from within itself and countries of both friend and foe. The first form of law enforcement or in other words small scale protection was over 360 years ago in Boston Massachusetts (Johnson, American Law Enforcement, 1981). 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Arguing from Experience Free Essays

â€Å"Cathedral†, Raymond Carver’s short story from the collection of stories with the same title, is a concise guide to the nature of human interaction and the role prejudice and intellectual blindness play in communication. The narrative includes only three people, the narrator, his wife and Robert, a visitor to their house. The fact that Robert is blind irritates the narrator, as well his long-term relationship to his wife. We will write a custom essay sample on Arguing from Experience or any similar topic only for you Order Now Starting from intense protest to Robert’s visit and repulsion, the narrator is miraculously transformed when he is doing a simple project with Robert: drawing a cathedral when guiding Robert’s hand moving across the paper. A change in the narrator’s attitude indicates his liberation from his prejudice replaced by compassion and human attitude. The author in this story first of all focuses on liberation from a specific kind of blindness – moral blindness caused by prejudice and bias, something that is more serious and impairing than real blindness. The path to liberation from stereotypes for the narrator in â€Å"Cathedral† starts from the first moments of the story. The narrator’s reaction from the start seems overstated as he vehemently rejects the presence of the blind man in his house: â€Å"He was no one I knew. And his being blind bothered me.† Putting blindness as the reason for his distaste, the narrator appears to be a very self-centered person. Blind to the feelings of people around him, he seems immersed in his own prejudice and narrow-mindedness. He does not even have power to attend to the needs of his wife bound to the blind man by a long-term friendship and willing to see him in their house as a way to support the man after his wife’s death. The author seems totally blindfolded by his prejudice that looks like instinctive aversion of the healthy man toward an unhealthy one: â€Å"But he didn’t use a cane and he didn’t wear dark glasses. I’d always thought dark glasses were a must for the blind†. His prejudice makes him see the blind man through the prism of his bias, blinding him to the real personality of the man who seems to be a cheerful and pleasant person. Only in his drawing project does he shed his blindness and get a glimpse into human personality, stating that his guiding experience is â€Å"really something† (515). Moral blindness is something that many people have experienced in one form or another. Stereotyping has become the norm in human communication as more and more people accept seeing their friends and peers as representatives of a class and attribute to them all the fixed ideas about this class. I faced this situation in my high school class when a group of students were trying to bully a girl who did not fit into their ideas of ‘coolness’. She did not only wear clothes different from what everybody had on – she was totally different, listened to different music, saw different movies, and read books that were beyond their understanding. Her family was so poor that she really could not afford the clothing that most thought fashionable, and she found her personal way out by remodelling the clothes that remained after her elder sister, acting as her personal designer. Everything about her was special, and this was what alienated everybody, perhaps because they were afraid that she thought them, ‘stereotypical’ youth interested in parties, dating and pop music as ‘uncool’. I, too, had a long period of blindness when I saw Mary (she had this simple name) as simply a freak in an outrageously long skirt and weird interests like astronomy and teaching Hebrew in the local synagogue. My moment of truth came when I happened to be surrounded by the local ‘gangsters’ on my way from school. The title ‘gangsters’ seems too impressive for a bunch of teenagers, but being surrounded by a group of guys with knives in some hands was really scary. They arrived just as I was discussing some classroom assignment with Mary, talking over the problem we had to do in class. This time, she was not their target – it was me they had a disagreement with. I was truly surprised when to their advice to get away, she firmly responded she was not going to leave me alone. We had never been friends, not enemies, either, but not special to each other so that we would stand each other by in any situation. In agreeing to stay with me, she demonstrated courage and strength of character I would never have expected in a girl whom I used to see as a weak and ineffectual wimp submerged in her dreaming and outlandish pursuits. Later on, I felt compelled to talk to her more and discovered a profound personality who was able to reveal to me many interesting things about her hobbies and life. Looking back on this incident, I think about how many individuals like this we miss in our lives, going past as people who are focused on their stereotypes. Our moral blindness shields us from real life, from what is going on in the minds of the people since we see external characteristics and draw our hasty generalizations from them. The same is evidenced in racism, sexism, ethnic prejudice and any other –ism based on outward characteristics. A boss who sees an Afro-American guy and is unwilling to employ him just because the previous Afro-American in his place was lazy and ineffective also acts on stereotypes. We are blinded by clothing fashion, appearance, income, and any other thing that can trigger stereotypical ideas. Raymond Carver in â€Å"Cathedral† gives a vivid example of this moral blindness in a person who finally finds strength to overcome the stereotype and see the world with a broader vision. Not each of us will have a transformational experience like that of the narrator in the story to open our eyes to the diversity and unconventionality of people around us. The rest are on their own, and it is up to them to change their vision of the human world without waiting for guidance from God. Freeing our minds from constraints that stem from upbringing or our environment, we will be able to see a new world, full of interesting and attractive people. Carver, Raymond. â€Å"Cathedral.† In: Reading Literature and Writing Argument. 2nd ed. Eds. James Missy and Alan P. Merickel. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2005. 471. How to cite Arguing from Experience, Papers

Disadvantages of Labor Unions free essay sample

Ever since their initial establishment, there has been much dispute whether labor unions are a positive or negative social economic force in the United States. There are many disadvantages that labor unions pose on the individual, the organization, and society as a whole. This paper discusses the negative effect of having labor Unions in the United States. The unions top weapons, strikes, can be self-disastrous. The reason being is that employers of striking workers have the legal right to continue to operate their business with permanent replacement employees who need not be discharged once the strike ends. In this case, employees on strike are not eligible to return since their previous jobs have been occupied. They would then have to wait until there is eventually an employment vacancy, if any. Striking employees also will destroy people’s every day routines and habits. On December 20, 2005, The Transport Workers Union Local 100 in New York City went on strike. New York City Transit Authority personal had observed the strike. The 2005 strike, which took place during the busiest shopping week of the year, had significantly affected the local economy since many people had then chosen to avoid shopping in New York. These shoppers chose to shop online, or postpone shopping. The strike was ended on Tuesday, December 27, 2005. The number of strikes and their effectiveness has decreased tremendously. The following figure from Hunter’s report, taken from the U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics, provides us with the evidence: Walter Williams, professor of economics at George Mason University, emphasizes the above in his article â€Å"Where Union Power Lies†. He gives an example of the failed â€Å"air-traffic controllers’ strike during the Reagan administration†. The union in this case was simply not able to prevent the Federal Aviation Administration from employing new workers. Unfortunately, in such instances, unions may tend to violence as a means of eliminating competition. Williams illustrates this during several incidents. Back in 1987, the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers struck an Anchorage Alaska utility plant. Non-striking workers were routinely attacked and had their tires slashed. One employee had to move after union members threatened to rape and murder his wife. In his report â€Å"Freedom from Union Violence† released by Cato Institute, David Kendrick, program director at  the National Institute for Labor Relations Research, affirms that there have been 8,799 incidents of violence reported since 1975, with only 258 convictions. Obviously this first disadvantage of union representation impacts not only the individual, but the organization through acts of vandalism and society by victimizing innocent people. Another disadvantage of union representation is discussed by Hunter as â€Å"loss of individuality†. When a union is an exclusive employee representative in a workplace, the employees then become part of a collective bargaining unit where the majority rules. This majority may not be concerned with the individual needs or demands of each employee. Individual agreements between employees and management are not allowed because each employee has to deal with the union. After all, members of a union become part of a collective bargaining unit in which the majority rules, regardless of any affiliate’s best interests. Union leaders often operate based on their self-interest, which basically means expanding union membership regardless of the members’ benefits; they do so to gain more power and even enjoy some of the extra money. Hunter states â€Å"Loss of individuality is of prime concern for many employees, as well as the loss of the opportunity to negotiate for themselves an individual arrangement†. Student assistants at Yale asked to be heard as individuals and not part of a union as they didn’t see union representation as beneficial. Hockfield commented â€Å"†¦individual voices are more effective than that of a union.† â€Å"Many faculty members voiced concerns about the implications of unionization, asking questions about strikes, union dues, and the loss of individuality. Loss of individuality is inevitable when labor unions represent a majority. Another disadvantage of union representation that Hunter discusses is â€Å"cost to employees†. Collective bargaining units require all employees to support the union financially as a condition of their employment. â€Å"Federal law provides that employees may, regardless of the language in the agreement, opt not to formally join the union; however, they may still be required to pay certain dues and initiation fees.† Every union member is required to financially support the union by paying dues, and can face penalties that amount to his/her discharge for failing to do so. That is, the union can demand the discharge of any employee who fails to pay required dues and  fees, unless a right-to-work law has been enacted in the state where the business operates. The costs of union membership differ but the average Michigan union employee pays hundreds of dollars in dues a year. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, â€Å"In 2007, 30 states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates below that of the U.S. average, 12.1 percent, while 20 states had higher rates.† That means that the average cost to union members is above 12.1%. This union representation can be quite costly to employees and in some cases defeats the purpose of fringe benefits. Other disadvantages of labor unions that Hunter argued is â€Å"Penalties by labor unions† employee can be fined or disciplined for involving in activities that violate union code. Such activities include, but are not limited to: crossing strike picket lines, surpassing set production qu otas, and seeking representation by other unions. Unfortunately for union workers, these fines are enforced by the law. This is not the case however for nonunion employees who are exempt from all the declared restrictions. Although Robert Hunter raises excellent points, disadvantages of union representation exceed the individual to adversely affect the society and the economy. With regards to society, Terry Moe, underlines in his article â€Å"EDUCATION: Taking on the Unions† that the teachers’ union have interests that are â€Å"often in conflict with the public interest†. Moe raises the concern that the union does not permit the riddance or even the evaluation of bad teachers, which apparently is not good for the kids and schools. As for the economy and organizations, Thomas Sowell touches on this issue by explaining that union contracts have helped put American automakers at a disadvantage compared to its Japanese competitors, resulting in General Motors â€Å"going from selling about half the cars in the country to selling about one quarter today†. The UAW simply did not exhibit flexibility at a time when change was needed most. The consequences were terrible to the economy and organizations like The Auto industry: numerous plants closing, hundreds of thousands of employees being laid off, the moving of plants to states that have no union control, and the moving of plants overseas. From all of the above, it is easy to conclude that labor unions are a negative social economic force in the United States. Unions simply forgot their main purpose of existence which is to be fair to all parties: workers, companies, and the society. Instead, unions have become like businesses interested in maximizing membership count regardless of consequences. That is why the unionized share of the total U.S. labor force has declined tremendously since the 1970s till our present day. According to Richard Vedder, distinguished professor of economics at Ohio University, replied in an interview with The Austrian Economics Newsletter by â€Å"Americans now realize that we don’t need labor unions† The continuous decline in union membership over the past years serves only to solidify Vedder’s statement. Also, according to Hunter, â€Å"the labor movement will have to add nearly 700,000 members per year just to maintain its current levels of employee representation†.